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Coffee beans types Bean Types: Arabica, Robusta, Liberica, and Excelsa

If you're a coffee lover you're probably aware that different beans can produce different flavors. Find out more about four of the most well-known varieties: Arabica, Robusta, Liberica and Excelsa.

Excelsa beans are a variety of Liberica that is grown only in Southeast Asia. They have a sweeter and tarter flavor profile, and are often added to blends of beans to enhance the flavor.

Arabica

Arabica coffee beans make up 75% of the global production. Arabica beans are milder and sweeter than Robusta, and come in different flavour profiles. The aroma and taste of a particular coffee can vary widely depending on the growing conditions and methods of processing employed to make it.

The word 'coffee' actually comes from the Arabic word for berry and coffee beans are fruit seeds that are cultivated inside bright red berries. It is believed ancient Ethiopian shepherds found that their goats were energized after eating the berries. The cultivation of coffee quickly spread around the world.

Coffee beans can be grown at high altitudes, and are able to thrive when exposed to cold temperatures and lots of rain. This is one of the reasons why Arabica is regarded as the best tasting coffee.

Many specialty coffee roasters and shops insist on using ethically-sourced arabica beans, by emphasizing fair wages for farmers and sustainable cultivation practices. These companies blend arabica beans to create unique specialty coffees that can be used in many different brewing techniques. Blending gives control over the aroma, flavor, body and acidity of coffee. It is usually preferred to get a consistent and balanced taste that appeals to a broad market.

Robusta

Robusta beans (Coffea canephora) are the second most commonly used variety of coffee bean grown across the globe. They contain more caffeine per bean and are more protected against pests and diseases. They also contain higher levels of chlorogenic acids, which are naturally occurring antioxidants. These acids can cause oxidation during the brewing process, and can result in undesirable flavors.

The plant itself is more resilient than arabica and is able to thrive in less favorable climate conditions and at lower elevations. It is able to withstand higher temperatures and does well in direct sun. It produces more coffee per plant, and it grows faster than arabica. This makes it a economically viable crop to cultivate.

While it may sound counterintuitive, Robusta and arabica beans are often blended together to create coffee blends. If you see names such as Uganda or Kenya on the coffee bags it's possible there is also some robusta.

The majority of roasters utilize a mix of arabica and coffee beans to reduce costs and maintain quality. To ensure the integrity of the flavor you should select the best quality beans from a reliable source. This can be done by purchasing your beans direct from farmers.

Liberica

Liberica beans have a shape similar to a football, that makes them different from other types of coffee beans. They have a smell that is fruity, floral and smoky. They are often added to other bean varieties to create the fuller, more robust flavor.

Liberica premium coffee beans beans are grown in West Africa and Malaysia (Borneo) as well as in Southeast Asia. They can be found at low altitudes and can withstand humid, hot climates. They are also more resistant to diseases than Arabica or Robusta.

These attributes make them ideal for home cultivation. On the internet, you can purchase the seeds from many sources. However, it's ideal to purchase the beans from local producers in order to ensure the highest quality. The best conditions for growing Liberica coffee plants are fertile, deep volcanic soils with a moderately acidic pH and adequate annual rainfall.

Another type of coffee bean is Excelsa which was originally considered a separate species but is now classified as an alternative to Liberica. These coffee beans are oval-shaped and are grown on large coffee plants that range from 20-30 feet in height at moderate altitudes. They have a unique taste that is both fruity and tart which has made them a preferred choice for blends in house. They are also lighter on scent and caffeine than Arabica and Robusta however they still possess a unique depth of flavor.

Excelsa

Excelsa coffee beans aren't as popular as Arabica and Robusta, despite being the fourth most popular. They were actually regarded as to be a different species of coffee until 2006, when they were reclassified to be a synonym for Coffea Liberica var. dewevrei. They are produced in Southeast Asia today and account for 7 percent of the world's production of premium coffee beans. The beans have a distinctive teardrop-shaped shape and possess an eerie, dark taste. They're often used in blends to add extra body and a delicious tart, ripe fruit taste.

Arabica beans are the most popular, and are known for having the most delicious taste. They thrive in tropical, warm climates and at high altitudes. They are slightly acidic. If brewed and roasted correctly they may have notes like nuts, chocolate or even fruit.

Robusta is the second most popular coffee worldwide, and accounts for about 40% of all coffee consumed in the world. These beans are rounder and smaller, yet they contain twice as much caffeine as Arabica. They are also bitterer than the other two varieties and have an earthy and woody taste.

After having a better understanding of the four most common types and their characteristics, it's time to select the best brew. If you prefer smooth and delicate flavors, choose an arabica bean or a blend made up of robusta beans and arabica beans.